From Legislation to Practice: Critical Infrastructure and Cybersecurity in 2026

19. februára 2026

The year 2025 was, from the perspective of critical infrastructure, a year of legislative transformation. The year 2026 is the first year of its full-scale application. The difference between these two periods is fundamental – while 2025 was dominated by legal implementation and methodological preparation, 2026 brings a regime of real regulatory responsibility.

The legal framework for cybersecurity in the Slovak Republic is governed by Act No. 69/2018 Coll. on Cybersecurity, as amended by Act No. 366/2024 Coll., which transposed into national law Directive (EU) 2022/2555 of the European Parliament and of the Council on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union (NIS 2). Simultaneously, Act No. 367/2024 Coll. on Critical Infrastructure was adopted, establishing a new resilience framework for critical entities. These two pieces of legislation together form a comprehensive system for managing cyber and physical risks, which has begun to be fully applied in practice.

From Identification to Mandatory Compliance

In 2025, the process of preparing and methodologically implementing measures for the identification of critical entities under the Critical Infrastructure Act was underway. State administration bodies are required to identify critical entities no later than 17 July 2026. Entities falling within the categories defined by the Act will subsequently be required to introduce measures to strengthen the security and resilience of critical infrastructure. These include systematic risk assessment, implementation of security measures, business continuity planning, and the establishment of incident response mechanisms.

The transposition of the NIS 2 Directive significantly expanded the scope of cybersecurity regulation. One of the most notable changes is the shift from the formal existence of documentation to a requirement for demonstrable functionality of security measures. An entity must be able to demonstrate a systematic process of risk identification and assessment, supply chain security management, testing of business continuity plans, and a functional incident response mechanism. This approach aligns with the objective of the NIS 2 Directive – to increase real resilience, not merely formal compliance.

The amended Cybersecurity Act also explicitly enshrines the direct responsibility of statutory bodies for managing cyber risks. Management is required to approve cybersecurity risk management measures and oversee their implementation. Under the Act, this responsibility may be fully reflected within the supervisory and sanctioning mechanisms of the law.

Adopted Strategies and Government Steps

At the beginning of 2026, the Slovak Government adopted two strategic documents as part of the implementation of the Critical Infrastructure Act and the Cybersecurity Act, providing a clear framework for risk management. The Resilience Strategy for Critical Entities of the Slovak Republic analyses the current state and vulnerabilities of critical entities, defines objectives and measures up to 2030, and establishes a coordination framework between central state authorities, local government, and critical entities. The National Cybersecurity Strategy for 2026–2030 places emphasis on the systematic strengthening of national cyberspace resilience, the protection of citizens' rights and security in cyberspace, the protection of the state's critical infrastructure, operators of essential services, and other important assets.

Strategic Significance for Slovakia

Critical infrastructure represents a system of interconnected elements. A failure in the energy sector will affect transport, transport will affect healthcare and food distribution, and digital infrastructure will affect public administration and banks. Cross-sector dependencies increase the risk of cascading effects. The legislative framework creates the conditions for systematic risk management across all critical sectors, raising the security level of processes and strengthening national resilience against hybrid and cyber threats.

Expert Cooperation

The implementation of new obligations requires a combination of legal, technical, and organisational expertise. In this context, the Critical Infrastructure Association of the Slovak Republic (AKI SR) plays a key role as a professional platform connecting regulated entities, security and crisis management experts, public administration representatives, and technology partners. AKI SR provides companies with expert advisory services on identifying and implementing statutory obligations, methodological support for risk assessment and the introduction of measures, coordination and experience sharing between sectors, and up-to-date information on legislation, deadlines, and practical steps. For members, this means access to expert know-how, coordinated procedures, and the ability to respond to legislative changes in real time.

The year 2026 represents for critical infrastructure and cybersecurity a transition from legislative preparation to practical implementation. Organisations will be assessed not only on the formal existence of security documents, but also on their ability to demonstrate their functionality in practice. Preparedness today equals resilience and trustworthiness tomorrow. Coordinated preparation with an expert partner such as AKI SR enables companies to fully ensure compliance with the new statutory obligations.

21. mája 2026
Until recently, the security of critical infrastructure was associated mainly with the protection of physical facilities, energy sources, or state systems. Today, however, it is increasingly clear that the real vulnerability often lies outside the organisation itself: in its supply chains, technology partners, and external services.
21. mája 2026
Ešte donedávna sa bezpečnosť kritickej infraštruktúry spájala najmä s ochranou fyzických objektov, energetických zdrojov či štátnych systémov. Dnes však čoraz jasnejšie vidíme, že skutočná zraniteľnosť sa často nachádza mimo samotnej organizácie: v jej dodávateľských reťazcoch, technologických partneroch a externých službách.
18. mája 2026
In January 2024, an employee of a financial firm in Hong Kong executed a transfer worth 25 million US dollars. He did so after a video conference with the chief financial officer and colleagues from headquarters that appeared entirely authentic. Yet on the call he was the only real person. The other participants were deepfake replicas generated by generative artificial intelligence on the basis of publicly available recordings. This case, documented by the Hong Kong police, did not announce the arrival of a new threat. It announced that the threat is already here and is operating in production mode.
18. mája 2026
V januári 2024 zamestnanec finančnej spoločnosti v Hongkongu uskutočnil prevod v hodnote 25 miliónov amerických dolárov. Urobil tak po videokonferencii s finančným riaditeľom a kolegami z centrály, ktorá pôsobila úplne autenticky. Na konferencii však bol jediný skutočný človek on sám. Ostatní účastníci boli deepfake repliky vygenerované generatívnou umelou inteligenciou na základe verejne dostupných záznamov. Tento prípad, zdokumentovaný hongkonskou políciou, neoznámil príchod novej hrozby. Oznámil, že hrozba je už tu a funguje v produkčnom režime.
13. mája 2026
The Critical Infrastructure Association of the Slovak Republic is proud to present the success of two of its members, Decent Cybersecurity s. r. o. and FREQUENTIS Solutions & Services s. r. o., which have jointly secured funding for the four-year research and development project COSMOS-SECURE. The project, with total eligible expenditures of EUR 4,144,273.37 and a requested non-repayable financial contribution of EUR 2,981,048.65, focuses on an area that, until recently, belonged mainly to major space agencies: secure voice communication between ground stations, satellites, and spacecraft crews in an era when quantum computers are beginning to challenge the existing foundations of cryptography.
13. mája 2026
Asociácia kritickej infraštruktúry Slovenskej republiky s hrdosťou predstavuje úspech dvoch svojich členov, spoločností Decent Cybersecurity s. r. o. a FREQUENTIS Solutions & Services s. r. o., ktoré spoločne získali financovanie pre štvorročný výskumno-vývojový projekt COSMOS-SECURE. Projekt s celkovými oprávnenými výdavkami vo výške 4 144 273,37 € a požadovanou výškou nenávratného finančného príspevku 2 981 048,65 € sa zameriava na to, čo bolo donedávna doménou veľkých vesmírnych agentúr: bezpečnú hlasovú komunikáciu medzi pozemnými strediskami, satelitmi a posádkami vesmírnych lodí v ére, keď kvantové počítače začínajú spochybňovať existujúce kryptografické základy.
12. mája 2026
The Slovak Republic is in the final phase of a process that is fundamentally changing the approach to the protection of critical infrastructure. In accordance with Act No. 367/2024 Coll. on Critical Infrastructure, the list of entities that will be officially identified as critical for the functioning of the state is to be completed in July 2026. This step represents one of the most important milestones in the implementation of the new regulatory framework, the aim of which is to increase the resilience of key systems to crises, cyber threats and service outages. A new framework of responsibility Inclusion among the critical entities will not be of a merely formal nature. For the organisations concerned, it will mean the introduction of precisely defined obligations in the area of risk management, security measures, incident management and the very continuity of the provision of essential services within the meaning of the Act. For many entities, this represents a fundamental change in the approach to security, which will require systematic preparation even before the actual inclusion in the list. Growing interest of companies in the regulation Already in this period it is evident that potentially affected entities are beginning to intensively follow the development of the legislation and of the implementing rules being prepared. The reason is the need to set up internal processes in good time, so that the transition to the new regime can take place without major operational complications. The growing demanding nature of the requirements is at the same time increasing the demand for expert guidance and methodological support. The role of the Critical Infrastructure Association of the Slovak Republic In this context, the Critical Infrastructure Association of the Slovak Republic (AKI SR) plays a significant role, as it has long been creating a professional platform for cooperation between the state sector, regulators and operators of essential services across all sectors of critical infrastructure, such as for example energy, transport, healthcare or digital infrastructure. As Tibor Straka, President of AKI SR, states: “The process of identifying critical entities is not merely a legislative obligation. It is the moment that determines how resilient the state will be in real crisis situations.” The Association points out in this connection that the period before the final inclusion in the list is the most important one for organisations from the point of view of preparation and adaptation. Room for timely preparation Companies that may be part of the list of critical entities currently have a unique opportunity to prepare for the new obligations systematically and well in advance. In this area, AKI SR provides expert support, methodological guidance and a platform for the sharing of experience between the individual sectors. Cooperation as the foundation of resilience The implementation of the new system for the protection of critical infrastructure will be successful only if it is built on close cooperation between the public and the private sector. In this respect, AKI SR is developing a systematic dialogue with the central bodies of state administration that exercise state administration in the individual segments of critical infrastructure. With many of them, the Association has concluded memoranda of cooperation, which makes possible a more effective interconnection of expert capacities, the exchange of information and coordination in addressing key security topics. In the process, AKI SR thus acts as a natural communication and expert bridge between the regulator and the entities of critical infrastructure, while helping to connect legislative requirements with their practical implementation in the individual sectors. A new stage in the protection of critical systems The finalisation of the list of critical entities in July 2026 represents a fundamental step in the modernisation of the system for strengthening the resilience of critical infrastructure in Slovakia. The new legislative framework sets clearer rules, but at the same time significantly raises the demands placed on the preparedness of the organisations concerned. The outcome of the entire process will depend on how well it is possible to align the regulation with the reality of the operation of critical entities.
12. mája 2026
Slovenská republika sa nachádza v záverečnej fáze procesu, ktorý zásadne mení prístup k ochrane kritickej infraštruktúry. V súlade so zákonom č. 367/2024 Z. z. o kritickej infraštruktúre má byť v júli 2026 dokončený zoznam subjektov, ktoré budú oficiálne identifikované ako kritické pre fungovanie štátu. Tento krok predstavuje jeden z najdôležitejších míľnikov implementácie nového regulačného rámca, ktorý má za cieľ zvýšiť odolnosť kľúčových systémov voči krízam, kybernetickým hrozbám a výpadkom služieb. Nový rámec zodpovednosti Zaradenie medzi kritické subjekty nebude mať len formálny charakter. Pre dotknuté organizácie bude znamenať zavedenie presne definovaných povinností v oblasti riadenia rizík, bezpečnostných opatrení, incident manažmentu a samotnej kontinuity poskytovania základných služieb v zmysle zákona. Pre mnohé subjekty ide o zásadnú zmenu prístupu k bezpečnosti, ktorá si bude vyžadovať systematickú prípravu ešte pred samotným zaradením do zoznamu. Zvyšujúci sa záujem firiem o reguláciu Už v tomto období je zrejmé, že potenciálne dotknuté subjekty začínajú intenzívne sledovať vývoj legislatívy a pripravovaných vykonávacích pravidiel. Dôvodom je potreba včas nastaviť interné procesy tak, aby prechod do nového režimu prebehol bez zásadných prevádzkových komplikácií. Rastúca náročnosť požiadaviek zároveň zvyšuje dopyt po odbornom vedení a metodickej podpore. Úloha Asociácie kritickej infraštruktúry SR V tomto kontexte zohráva významnú rolu Asociácia kritickej infraštruktúry Slovenskej republiky (AKI SR) , ktorá dlhodobo vytvára odbornú platformu pre spoluprácu medzi štátnym sektorom, regulátormi a prevádzkovateľmi základných služieb naprieč všetkými sektormi kritickej infraštruktúry, ako je napríklad energetika, doprava, zdravotníctvo či digitálna infraštruktúra. Ako uvádza prezident AKI SR Tibor Straka: „Proces identifikácie kritických subjektov nie je len legislatívna povinnosť. Je to moment, ktorý určuje, ako odolný bude štát v reálnych krízových situáciách.“ Asociácia v tejto súvislosti upozorňuje, že obdobie pred finálnym zaradením do zoznamu je pre organizácie najdôležitejšie z hľadiska prípravy a adaptácie. Priestor na včasnú prípravu Firmy, ktoré môžu byť súčasťou zoznamu kritických subjektov, majú v súčasnosti jedinečnú príležitosť pripraviť sa na nové povinnosti systematicky a s dostatočným predstihom. AKI SR v tejto oblasti poskytuje odbornú podporu, metodické usmernenia a platformu na zdieľanie skúseností medzi jednotlivými sektormi. Spolupráca ako základ odolnosti Implementácia nového systému ochrany kritickej infraštruktúry bude úspešná len vtedy, ak bude postavená na úzkej spolupráci medzi verejným a súkromným sektorom. V tomto smere AKI SR rozvíja systematický dialóg s ústrednými orgánmi štátnej správy, ktoré vykonávajú štátnu správu na jednotlivých úsekoch kritickej infraštruktúry. S mnohými z nich má asociácia uzatvorené memorandá o spolupráci, čo umožňuje efektívnejšie prepájanie odborných kapacít, výmenu informácií a koordináciu pri riešení kľúčových bezpečnostných tém. AKI SR tak v procese vystupuje ako prirodzený komunikačný a odborný most medzi regulátorom a subjektami kritickej infraštruktúry, pričom pomáha prepájať legislatívne požiadavky s ich praktickou implementáciou v jednotlivých sektoroch. Nová etapa ochrany kritických systémov  Finalizácia zoznamu kritických subjektov v júli 2026 predstavuje zásadný krok v modernizácii systému zvyšovania odolnosti kritickej infraštruktúry na Slovensku. Nový legislatívny rámec nastavuje jasnejšie pravidlá, ale zároveň výrazne zvyšuje nároky na pripravenosť dotknutých organizácií. Výsledok celého procesu bude závisieť od toho, ako dobre sa podarí zosúladiť reguláciu s realitou prevádzky kritických subjektov.
11. mája 2026
In August 2023, something happened on the Polish railways that until then had belonged to the realm of scenarios, not reality. Unknown actors abused the radio system for emergency stopping (radio-stop) and transmitted a signal that brought more than 20 trains to a halt in various regions of the country. The attack required no access to digital systems and no sophisticated malware. A radio transmitter and knowledge of publicly available tones were enough. It was a demonstration of why rail transport ranks among the most complex categories of critical infrastructure. It brings together older analogue and radio technology with contemporary IT and OT systems, and each of these layers has its own vulnerabilities. 
11. mája 2026
V auguste 2023 sa na poľskej železnici udialo niečo, čo dovtedy patrilo do oblasti scenárov, nie reality. Neznámi aktéri zneužili rádiový systém núdzového zastavenia (radio-stop) a vyslali signál, ktorý zastavil viac ako 20 vlakov v rôznych regiónoch krajiny. Útok nepotreboval prístup do digitálnych systémov ani sofistikovaný malvér. Stačil rádiový vysielač a znalosť verejne dostupných tónov. Bola to ukážka, prečo železničná doprava patrí medzi najkomplexnejšie kategórie kritickej infraštruktúry. Spája sa v nej staršia analógová a rádiová technika so súčasnými IT a OT systémami a každá z týchto vrstiev má vlastné zraniteľnosti.